How To Quit A Job You Just Started

Step by step instructions to Quit A Job You Just Started You did everything right and found the activity. Inconvenience is, through no issue of your own, it’s just not what you expected it would be. You’re abruptly edgy not to work there any longer, however you’re stressed that you’re stuck. You don’t need to outrage your new partners or chief. You don’t need to chance being boycotted from future situations at the organization. You don’t need to bring your instructive foundation a terrible name. Also, you certainly don’t need to be viewed as a slacker. Imagine a scenario in which you land to your next position and feel a similar way. You can’t simply continue bailing after week one! These are everything to thoroughly consider in the event that you end up in a troubled circumstance. Yet, do remember that there are different contemplations. You won’t be as upbeat, satisfied, tested, or profitable at an unfulfilling work. Getting out now, when you can see the disagreeable f uture spilling out before you, may very well spare both you and your supervisor a ton of difficulty and mental waste.If you do choose to stop, be certain beyond a shadow of a doubt before you do. That’s the most significant factor in concluding whether to penetrate dignity and cut your misfortunes before you’ve even gotten arranged in another position. The second most significant thing is to exit gracefully.Here’s how:Resign tactfully.Don’t sever any ties. Do what you can to keep these contacts. Furthermore, do it face to face. This isn't the ideal opportunity for letters or messages (however you ought to have a conventional abdication letter all set after you meet to talk about with your chief). You owe it to your administrator to clarify why you are bailing-especially after so much joint exertion to get you on board.Be legitimate and apologetic.Don’t make weakâ excuses that you think will cause your manager to feel compassion for you. Give the g enuine explanation, or the nearest to it you can get, and still stay thoughtful. Be really upset for the burden, and rotate to indicating how this is best for the organization and your stopping is really something of a caring demonstration. In the event that you’re an inappropriate fit for this activity, it’s your ethical obligation to make some noise and state so before sitting around and resources.Give appropriate notice.You’ll need to do this with a lot of time for them to discover another person. You ought to much offer, assuming there is any chance of this happening, to remain until they find and train your substitution. This could be extraordinary for you in the event that you don’t have an elective employment arranged utilize an opportunity to locate another! Keep in mind, you are burdening them, and ought to act accordingly.Consider that you may be asked to stay.In most cases, you’ll be given a lot of motivations to remain. Ask yourself bef ore you address your supervisor whether there are any conditions that, whenever changed, would make you really need to remain. Have an answer arranged either way.Think harder next time.Don’t beat yourself up. In any case, do leave this alone an exercise that you should think about all points of a new position before tolerating it. Sparing yourself the shame and a ton of additional vulnerability and work.

Impact of Climate Change on Moose Population

Effect of Climate Change on Moose Population Moose in the Noose? From Montana to Minnesota, Ontario and Wyoming to Hew Hampshire moose numbers are in steep decay. Could environmental change be to be faulted? These grand creatures, which can be more than 6 feet tall and weigh 700 kg, are a feature for untamed life fans visiting America’s northern states and acquire genuinely necessary income for nearby networks. They are likewise significant segments of the boreal woods environment. Lamentably these generally lone animals are getting progressively increasingly hard to track down by trackers and researchers the same. Moose number decays Montana 40% drop in the quantity of chasing labels discharged Minnesota Down 70% since 2006 New Hampshire Dropped from 7000 to 4600 Wyoming 70% drop since 1998 Montana Mystery Waning populaces in Montana have left neighborhood individuals stressed and researchers scratching their heads with respect to why. Presently moose numbers in Montana are not checked routinely, rather they depend on episodic proof from scientists and trackers with regards to what the circumstance on the ground is. In any case, numerous individuals are concerned. Scratch DeCesare, the scientist driving the examination said â€Å"There’s less moose out there, and trackers are working more enthusiastically to discover them.† So stressed are they that the Montana Fish, Wildlife Parks (FWP) office have quite recently set out on a multi year examination to follow populace changes. By labeling moose with radio collars they can investigate them quite a long time after year to gauge their muscle versus fat and take blood, fecal, hair and teeth tests. They will likewise check whether they are conveying any maladies or pervasions. With this information they’ll have the option to tell how solid the moose are independently and as a populace and if any labeled moose kick the bucket they want to have the option to decide the reason. For the present however, why numbers have all the earmarks of being dropping so rapidly is a secret. Mike Gurnett, likewise from the FWP said â€Å"in a few pieces of Montana, numbers have declined, chasing licenses cut back, and moose tallies keep on drop†. half less chasing licenses were given by the state somewhere in the range of 1995 and 2011. Only a Fluke? In like manner in Minnesota, Michelle Carstensen of the state’s Department of Natural Resources is additionally attempting to make sense of what is befalling their much-adored moose, so well known that they even had an Ice Hockey group named after them †the Minnesota Moose. Inauspiciously the group was moved to Winnipeg in 1996. We used to have two noteworthy moose populaces in our state one in the northwest, one in the upper east. What's more, the northwest moose populace is practically gone. Numbers in the northwest populace of Minnesota have dropped from 4000 during the 1990s to only 100 in the mid 2000’s. This quick misfortune drove them to drop the 2013 moose chasing season inside and out with the expectation that numbers would bounce back. The north-eastern populace is additionally thought to decay with less calves seen in the course of the last 10-15 years than beforehand. Trackers here too have revealed trouble in discovering moose. One of the fundamental driver for this is thought to the liver accident (Murray et al. 2006), these reason harm to the liver, lungs, and different tissues in the moose’s body alongside auxiliary diseases coming about because of the harm. This diminishes their general wellness and Murray believes that the northwest populace will stop to exist in 50 years time. Ticked off In Ontario, winter ticks are believed to be a significant reason for moose passings. A grown-up moose can have upwards of 30,000 ticks on its body and some have been referred to be pervaded with upwards of 100,000. These parasitic ticks can make moose sickly; the absence of solid red platelets causes weariness because of lacking oxygen supplies. This laziness makes it increasingly hard for the moose to get enough food. As you can envision a ton of ticks can be irritated. Moose don’t groom themselves like deer thus scratch themselves by scouring toward trees. This might be fulfilling in the present moment †like scratching a mosquito chomp †however can be inconvenient in the long haul. Over the top scratching can expel blocks of hair meaning the moose are in more peril of biting the dust from presentation in the winter months. In New Hampshire, as well, ticks are a major issue for the moose. Youths feel the impacts more than grown-ups, says natural life scholar Ted Walski, â€Å"the 1-year-olds don’t have the blood volume or body size (to adapt), which makes them more susceptible.† In the warm winter of 2011 it is imagined that almost all calves brought into the world the earlier year kicked the bucket just as 40% of the grown-ups. In moderately outrageous occasion, for example, this moose populaces can bounce back the next year, yet in the event that the circumstance endures for delayed periods recuperation is beyond the realm of imagination. UmWhat does this have to do with environmental change? The way that there appear to be various changed foundations for the moose decreases in these various territories infers that there might be a hidden reason. Populace biologist Denis Murray presumes that it is environmental change. Moose have advanced to live in cool atmospheres. As such they have thick, comfortable covers and get focused if it’s excessively hot. As per the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the multi year time frame from 1983 to 2012 was most likely the hottest time of the most recent 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere (IPCC, 2013). Moreover, temperatures in this area are anticipated to ascend by 1.5ã‹å ¡ to 2ËÅ ¡C in spring and summer somewhere in the range of 2025 and 2035 with winter temperatures expected to ascend by the center of the century (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2003). Montana, Minnesota, and Ontario all share something for all intents and purpose. They’re at the southern edge of the moose’s go †the topographical furthest reaches of where they can live serenely. Moose numbers in southern Sweden, as well, have been accounted for to be dropping. Environmental change makes it progressively hard for moose to get by in the southern pieces of their range. This is believed to be because of the expanded warmth stress yet additionally the expanded endurance pace of its pathogens over the winter time frame. In these southern zones expanded temperatures are felt all the more acutely by the moose. At the point when they get too hot they look for cover instead of scrounge for food. This prompts them being more fragile yet in addition prevents them from working up significant fat stores for the winter. Researcher Mark Lenarz from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resourses found that expanded summer and winter temperatures incited heat pressure was one of the primary variables prompting an expansion in moose passings (Lenarz 2009). White-followed deer are the ordinary hosts for the live accident. Deer densities are required to increment because of milder winters (Murray et al., 2006) †uncovering a higher number of moose to contamination. Murray likewise found that populaces of moose were adversely influenced by increments in yearly temperature Ticks numbers can likewise be influenced by environmental change. To perceive how we need a touch of information on their life cycle: Ticks rise up out of eggs in the pre-fall. A little while later they get on to plants like grasses and trees, here they hold up as moose catch up on against them they connect themselves. They take care of and develop into grown-ups throughout the winter and afterward mate in January to February, shorter winters mean more get by until this time. In April they begin to segregate and tumble to the ground to lay their eggs and the cycle proceeds. Nonetheless, if temperatures are low there is more snow around. The white foundation makes the tick’s dull bodies stick out and they’re bound to be eaten by birds(Addison et al. 1989). Be that as it may, if it’s hotter and there is less snow spread and the ticks are more diligently to spot on the dim ground increasingly grown-up ticks get by to lay eggs, prompting expanded disease rates later in the year which negatively affect moose wellbeing. Daniel Bergeron, from the college of New Hampshire, believes that the across the board vanish of moose in the warm, snowless conditions in the winter of 2001 - 2 expanded the period that ticks could be transmitted to moose (Bergeron 2011). http://www.ccwhc.ca/wildlife_health_topics/winter_tick/wintertick.php#canada Christy McCain from the University of Colorado Boulder found that bigger creatures multiple times bound to respond to environmental change than littler creatures. This makes them progressively delicate to change thus they face the most elevated eradication hazard (McCain and King 2014). â€Å"The things that are reacting most to environmental change are the things we will in general like the most, that we go to parks to see to see †Big Horn Sheep, Elk, Polar Bears. These are the things that have the most noteworthy elimination risk†. Much like the dinosaurs that ceased to exist following 65 million years back, it was the little well evolved creatures deserted that had the option to adjust to their new condition all the more rapidly and endure. So Consequences for boreal woods †less touching and so on Just as the danger of environmental change there are additionally dangers from logging and particularly mining, which as of now isn't dependent upon ecological evaluation. Less perusing by moose †loss of normal territory territories kept up by such touching, less wolves as less moose to chase. References Addison, E. M., Strickland, R. D. furthermore, Fraser, D. J. H. (1989) Gray Jays (Perisoreus canadensis) and regular ravens (Corvus corax) as predators of winter ticks, Dermacentor albipictus., The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 103(3), 406-408. Bergeron, D. H. (2011) Assessing connections of moose populaces, winter ticks, and timberland recovery in northern New Hampshire., University of New Hampshire Masters Thesis, [online], accessible: http://search.proquest.com/docview/884096564 [accessed 02/03/2014] IPCC (2013) Fifth Assessment Report,Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, [online], accessible: http://www.ipcc.ch/[accessed 02/03/2014] Lenarz, M. S., Nelson

How to Make LinkedIn Work for You

How to Make LinkedIn Work for You On July 30th, I was interviewed by the charismatic Pete Mockaitis of Awesome at Your Job on “Making LinkedIn Work for You.” We covered lots of ground, including Two keys to crafting an eye-grabbing LinkedIn profile Who needs a LinkedIn profile and who maybe doesn’t What to do to be both searchable and likable on LinkedIn How to make an impact with your LinkedIn Summary How to grow your LinkedIn network past 500 people quickly and responsibly The case for making recommendations I won’t spend a lot of time talking about this interview, because you can both listen to it and get a full transcript at this link: Making LinkedIn Work for You with Brenda Bernstein To view the transcript, scroll down to this section of the article and click on the + sign: Or listen here: document.createElement('audio'); https://theessayexpert.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/326_-_Making_LinkedIn_Work_for_You_with_Brenda_Bernstein.mp3 What I will say, because I want you to get all the goodies you can get from this podcast, is that I talk about everything from Big Bird and my Sesame Street failures to the lessons we can learn from bamboo trees. Oh and I talk about blenders. That’s a lot of Bs from Brenda Bernstein! I also threw a little neuroscience in there about how to create an impression before you even meet someone in person. And there’s more! I highly recommend listening to or reading this interview, even if you’ve listened to my podcasts before. The tidbits on my favorite things and life lessons are especially charming, if I do say so myself, plus you get to learn about how to make LinkedIn work for you!

The Picture Of Dorian Gray - 1211 Words

In The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde warns against immorality, vanity and selfishness using his protagonist’s downfall to show the dangers of overindulgence and depravity. The preface is contradictory and reveals that Wilde’s beliefs on art and its ties to morality were inconsistent. He appears to be trying to show that we shouldn’t subscribe to just one clear ideal without questioning it or considering other opinions. However, it’s clear throughout the book that there is a strong moral ideology behind the story. Wilde claims that ‘an ethical sympathy in an artist is an unpardonable mannerism of style,’1 but then breaks his own rules by showing Dorian Gray’s downfall to be inextricably linked to his exposure to and infatuation with hedonism and immorality. In this essay, I will demonstrate how the gradual moral decline of Dorian Gray and his eventual demise are used to send a very clear message about morality, corruption and overi ndulgence. When the book begins, Dorian is a blank slate – naà ¯ve, youthful, and ‘unspotted from the world.’2 The beginning of his corruption is clearly marked by his introduction to Lord Henry, and ultimately, his introduction to indulgence and immorality. Lord Henry tells Dorian ‘†¦you are unconscious of what you really are†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and comments on ‘†¦how tragic it would be†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ if Dorian was wasted.3 He also brings up the idea of indulgence and the taboo surrounding it, claiming that if a man resists temptation, his soul ‘grows sick with longing for theShow MoreRelatedThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1482 Words   |  6 Pagesreturn give to the same story† (Foster 185-186). One book that is a part of Foster’s story is Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray. In this essay, Thomas Foster’s methods regarding both symbolism and  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬heart disease from his book, How to Read Literature Like a Profes sor will be discussed and applied to one of Oscar Wilde’s novels. Throughout his novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde uses the portrait of the young protagonist as a symbol of many things, one of them being a mirror. WildeRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesAs seems to be the theme of Oscar Wilde’s book, The picture of Dorian Gray, art an beauty are both the same, yet they are different. But how can this be? Well, beauty and art are intertwined the moment art is used to capture a sliver of pure beauty, in order to make that moment last forever. According to Lord Henry, â€Å" Yes, Mr. Gray, the gods have been good to you. But what the goods give can easily be taken away. You only have a few years in which to live really, perfectly, and fully† (Wilde Pg.Read MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1432 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, we see how the different characters show their love of beauty a nd pleasure and the affects they have on the main character: Dorian Gray. Each of the three main characters, Basil Hallward, Lord Henry Wotton, and Dorian Gray portray a part of how the author felt about himself and the world around him. â€Å"Basil Hallward is what I think I am: Lord Henry what the world thinks of me: Dorian what I would like to be- in other ages, perhaps† (qtd. in Bloom pg. 117)Read MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1576 Words   |  7 PagesTransformation in Literature Greek Philosopher Heraclitus once said â€Å"There is nothing permanent except change†. In Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray, the theme of transformation is constant throughout the novel; however it is not portrayed as something that is permanent. Through the protagonist’s transformation, Oscar Wilde s novel is suggesting that the hedonistic lifestyle, a lifestyle where gaining pleasure is the main goal of a person’s life, may seem like it is an exciting and wonderfulRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray965 Words   |  4 Pages When looking at Frankenstein and The Picture of Dorian Gray, it is clear that Frankenstein is a novel that can be placed into both the gothic and horror genre, although it is a gothic novel secondary to it being a horror novel; The picture of Dorian Gray isn’t so clear in this regard. On a first reading, one may assume the story to be gothic literature and only gothic literature because of the sheer amount of gothic characteristics and elements that the text presents that include, but are not limitedRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray957 Words   |  4 PagesWilde explores the theme of outsiders in his 1890 novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray. He infuses what it means to be an outsider in almost every character in the story. The most important of these characters are Dorian Gray, Henry, and Basil. Each show what it means to be an outsider in his own individual way; whether it is an outsider among society, among a group of friends, or from a person’s own self. The main character, Dorian Gray, possesses most attributes of being an outsider. The most obviousRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray971 Words   |  4 PagesIn Oscar Wilde’s Popular nineteenth century novel, the Picture of Dorian Gray demonstrates the importance of the aesthetic movement in Victorian England. This suggests youth and physical attractiveness is emphasized and are valuable additions to society. Therefore, what matters to Dorian, is not the internal goodness an individual possesses but the appearance they present. Consequently, Dorian is able to forget the violent acts he commits as long as he appears beautiful on the outside. Since externalRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1680 Words   |  7 PagesAt the height of his success, Oscar Wilde wrote his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, which follows the life of a young man living in late nineteenth-century London. The novel shares a similar storyline with that of Wilde’s life, as Wilde wrote it in attempt to justify his homosexuality. The protagonist of the novel, Dorian Gray, enters the story an innocent man, but eventually becomes corrupt due to his need for instant pleasure. Wilde recognizes that the topic of his homosexuality brings up theRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1283 Words   |  6 PagesWhat does the fall of man, Oscar Wilde novel The Picture Of Dorian Gray, and Shakespeare’s Macbeth all have in common? They all have the same theme of the fall of man and break in the perfect union they once where in. The novels all start with man in perfect union, then sin enters and chaos starts and it eventually leading to their death or downfall. The Fall of man, Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Wilde’s novel The Picture Of Dorian Gray tightly follow the archetype of the fall of man this is all illustratedRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray864 Words   |  4 PagesWhile God in America: A New Adam illustrates the positive effects influence has on an individual, The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde exhibits the negative consequences influence has on an individual who conforms to society’s beliefs. Compared to the Spanish, the Puritans succeeded in the teachings of their religion because they endorsed individual thought rather than collective thoughts. Upon their arrival to New Mexico, the Spaniard missionaries believed it was their mission from God to â€Å"save

Public Administration And The Non Profit Sector Essay

1. What is your â€Å"general† location? I reside in South Los Angeles, California. 2. What is your current profession and describe your work responsibilities? I currently work as a temporary receptionist at Children s Institute, Inc. (CII). As a receptionist, I mostly provide the day to day administration of CII front desk reception and informed parents about our Head Start program. CII is a non-profit organization, and offers many programs and services such as early childhood programs, youth growth, and family support. 3. What is your experience and involvement in public administration or the non-profit sector? Although I gained some knowledge about the public sector throughout my internship experiences, I still have the urge to learn and experience more about this subject. Being an intern at the Los Angeles City Attorney’s Office: Victim Assistance Program got me more involve in the subject of public administration. As an intern, I had to inform the victims about the services the Victim Assistance Program offers. In addition, my responsibilities were to document calls for statistical purposes. I had to maintain files/records of the victims as well. 4. Are there any events (local or global) or individuals that have been particularly influential in your life? If so, in what manner has such affected your journey or career choices? During my junior year of my undergraduate degree, I had the privileged to join the JusticeCorps program. JusticeCorps is an AmeriCorpsShow MoreRelatedStrategic Management And Public Sector Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesStrategic Management has picked up a maintained conspicuousness in the administration of public sectors in the previous two decades or thereabouts. Public sectors are progressively being solicited to utilize it as part from their administration systems. It has turned into an appealing administration apparatus to reformers, and as according to Bovard (2009), contends for an association to be without a technique is to seem directionless and clumsy. It is not an embellishment to state that, the utilizationRead MoreComparing Public and Private Administration690 Words   |  3 PagesPublic and Private Administration Public and Private Administration Public administration is a type of administration in which the rules, regulations and different governmental policies are implemented. In public administration, the decision-making is based on the government and the officials of the organizations where public administration is practiced are mostly non-elected (Simon, Smithburg, Thompson, pg 9-12). These unelected officials are sometimes considered as heads of the state, cityRead MoreFive Business Disciplines1024 Words   |  5 Pagesmeasurement, statement, or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by lenders, managers, investors, tax authorities and other decision makers to make resource allocation decisions between and within companies, organizations, and public agencies† (Wikipedia). Accounting is a key business discipline underpinning decision making in all organizations from the largest business to the smallest charity. An understanding of the subject would be very useful to anyone contemplat ing a careerRead MoreStatement of Purpose: Pursuing a Master Degree of Public Administration654 Words   |  3 Pagesdesire to work in the government sector or industry. The issue I had with setting this goal was I qualified to work in many areas, and had become as a â€Å"jack of all trades and master of none.† I was all over the place trying to land in a specific area and industry. I have an Associates of Applied Arts degree in Paralegal, a Certificate in Corporate Governance, and a Bachelors of Science degree in Criminal Justice. I have worked in the private and nonprofit sector for years. I have collaborated withRead MoreDiscuss the advantages and disadvantages of moving the NHS from public sector to private sector1345 Words   |  4 PagesThe National Health Service (NHS) is a state run entity set up by the Labour government after 1948 as part of the welfare state. It was originally run by local authorities with funding from public money allocated by central governmen t. Though in recent years this money has been moving to the private sector and many have speculated that this is privatisation by stealth. In this essay I will attempt to understand this process by giving some historical context to the events of the last few decades whileRead MoreDifferences Between Public and Private Sectors Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesThe Differences between Public Sector and Private Sector [pic] by Robyn Z. Abdusamad Dr. Deborah LeBlanc PAD 620 – Research Paper August 23, 2010 The Differences between Public Sector and Private Sector SUMMARY When we examine public sector versus private sector, plenty of differences come to mind. In defining each, we learn a private sector in an economy consist of all businesses and firms owned by ordinary members of the general public. It also consists of all the privateRead MoreImpact Of Performance Parameters On Customers Satisfaction Level1733 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Performance Parameters on Customers’ Satisfaction level of Bancassurance Services in Public and Private Sector Banks Ms. Nancy Arora* Ph.D, Research Scholar Department of Business Administration, CDLU Sirsa-125055(HRY) nancyarora142@gmail.com Dr. Arti Gaur** Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration, CDLU Sirsa-125055(HRY) artigaur2009@gmail.com Abstract: Bancassurance, which basically involves banks acting as corporate agents for insurers to distribute insuranceRead MoreHealthcare Administration And Management From Csu East Bay864 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause effective managers and administrators in the lead position in the health care industries can lead the organizations to success. As I am pursuing my master’s degree in health care administration and management from CSU east bay, it focuses on developing professionals, who understand how to manage non-profit, for-profit, and voluntary health care organizations in effective and innovative ways .So, the addition of health economics course will be an additional advantage to the students in the programRead MoreChallenges Faced By The Current Us Health Care Industry853 Words   |  4 Pagesforemost reasons for the need of fine-tuned managerial skills in the healthcare sector. The administrators and manager’s primary functions are to manage efficiently and co ntrol overall function of organizations. Moreover, effective managers and administrators in the higher position in the health care industries can lead the organizations to success. When it comes to the graduate course, the Healthcare Administration and Management at California State University, East Bay, the curriculum is designedRead MoreMaster of Planning/Master of Public Administration Dual Degree 1069 Words   |  5 PagesI am pursuing a Master of Planning/Master of Public Administration dual degree in order to complement and leverage the business management experience gained in the corporate world to help environmental conservation non-governmental organizations achieve their missions of sustainable development. During my 20+ years in Corporate America, primarily in information technology and mortgage finance, I procured a diverse set of skills – business and financial management, project work, operations and human

The Level of Effectiveness of Crisis Management Team in Dealing Free Essays

I. INTRODUCTION The Manila hostage crisis, officially known as the Rizal Park hostage-taking incident, occurred when a dismissed Philippine National Police officer took over a tourist bus in Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines on August 23, 2010. Disgruntled former senior inspector Rolando Mendoza of the Manila Police District (MPD) hijacked a tourist bus carrying 25 people (20 tourists and a tour guide from Hong Kong, and four Filipinos) in an attempt to get his job back. We will write a custom essay sample on The Level of Effectiveness of Crisis Management Team in Dealing or any similar topic only for you Order Now He said that he had been summarily and unfairly dismissed, and that all he wanted was a fair hearing and the opportunity to defend himself. Negotiations broke down dramatically about ten hours into the stand-off, when the police arrested Mendoza’s brother and thus incited him to open fire. As the shooting began, the bus driver managed to escape, and was shown on television saying â€Å"Everyone is dead† before being whisked away by policemen. Mendoza and eight of the hostages were killed and a number of others injured. The MPD’s failed rescue attempt and gun-battle with the hijacker, which took around 90 minutes, were watched by millions on live television and the internet. The Philippine and Hong Kong governments conducted separate investigations into the incident. Both inquiries judged that the victims had been unlawfully killed, and identified the Philippine officials’ poor handling of the incident as the cause of the eight hostages’ deaths. The assault mounted by the MPD, and the resulting shoot-out, have been widely criticized by pundits as â€Å"bungled† and â€Å"incompetent†, and the Hong Kong Government has How to cite The Level of Effectiveness of Crisis Management Team in Dealing, Essay examples

International Business Business Development Companies

Question: Describe about the International Business for Business Development Companies. Answer: Introduction In this report, a business model has been developed for the company CiboExpresso. It is an established coffee brand of Australia. It has been found that, CiboExpresso has 33 stores across various locations of Australia (CiboExpresso, 2016). Due to the increased demand of coffee, the company has decided to expand its business operation in China with the help of its franchisee business model. It has been assumed that 4.5 billion cup of coffee would be consumed in the country China every year and the growth rate is 18% (Craymer, 2015). The business strategy for the company has been developed. In this business strategy, business objectives and goals of the organization have been provided along with rationale behind selecting this particular business model. The risk analysis for the business model has been done with the help of SWOT analysis, PESTLE analysis, ROOT market analysis and CAGE model. Market entry strategy for the CiboExpresso has been discussed. In this section attention has been provided to key issues related with leadership, marketing and human resource management. The financial risk for the company has also been analyzed. Finally some recommendations have been provided so that business model of the organization can be improved. Business strategy In this section the business strategy adopted by the organization CiboExpresso has been discussed. The rationale behind selecting China for business expansion has been discussed in this section along with business objectives and goals. Since China is a booming economy and has an enormous production and trade, business meetings are held during the day. A peoper place is required for such informal and formal meetings. CIBO would provide such a place and an environment. Risk for the business strategy has been analyzed with the help of SWOT analysis, PESTLE analysis, ROOT market analysis and CAGE model. Business objectives and goals The primary business objective of the company CiboExpresso is to open ten stores in some tier 2 cities of China like Nanking, Tianjin, Wuhan and Chengdu during the first year. In the first year, the company will target top gather market knowledge rather than high profitability. It will also help the consumers to become familiar with the brand CiboExpresso. The company has selected tier 2 cities as they have less labor cost and real estate cost than tier one cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Moreover, the population and technological development of these cities is high. The geographical location of these cities makes them the vise center and gate of China. In the next two years, when the management of CiboExpresso is able to gather ample market knowledge then they will look to open 10 new stores in Tier 1 cities of China like Beijing and Shanghai and look to increase profitability. It is the goal of Beijing and Shanghai to offer a memorable experience to the customers who will come to have their coffee at CiboExpresso. The company is trying to make the store as a destination for coffee lovers, where they can spend their quality time with their loved ones while enjoying coffee with cookies. It has been found that peoples of China like to have their tea or coffee in a quiet and tranquil space (Arenas, 2016). Hence, CiboExpressowil try to develop a calm and soothing environment for the customers. The menu offering will be finely tuned; It will be a balance between the Italian Coffee style with Chinese palate. Business model The company CiboExpresso has planned to enter the Chinese market using franchise model. The major advantage of using this model is that it requires less capital investment. However, just like any other business model it requires to gather market knowledge. For this reason, at first the company is opening 10 stores in tier 2 cities of China. It will help them to gather ample business knowledge. After that, when they will become familiar with the Chinese market, they will open another 10 stores in tier 1 cities of China. Rationale It has been found that franchise brands are developing significantly in China over the last 15 years. From various survey analyses, it has been found that in the year of 2010 there are more than 120 international companies operating in China and there are more than 111,400 franchise store exits in China (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2014). There are various reasons for which CiboExpresso should select Chiese market. Consumer class is expanding fast It has been found that middle and upper class customers of China can afford to purchase products more than their basic necessities. DAltorio(2013) stated that, there are many people in China who want to show their wealth by product choice. For example, they like to buy expensive foreign branded coffee to show their status level in society (Arenas, 2016). International brands are highly regarded in China Most of the Chinese customers like to buy products from international brands to their improved quality of products, customer service, and convenience (Barlow, 2013a). It is highly applicable for food and beverage industry. Second and third tier cities are open to franchising It has been found that, first-tier cities like Shanghai offers enhanced infrastructure along with business friendly government and internationally standard amenities. These types of cities are easier to enter for newcomers. However, cost of real estate and labor is high in these cities. For this reason, CiboExpresso can select second tier cities of China to expand its business. The second tier cities of China have million of potential customers. In addition, labor and real estate cost of these cities are lower compare to first tier cities of China. Companies like KFC and Papa Jhons have followed these business trends and started their business in second and third tier cities of China (Barlow, 2013b). CiboExpresso also needs to follow this trend of alliance with local and international franchisee to expand its business in China. Risk Analysis PESTLE analysis Political The trade relationship between Australia and China is strong. The exchange of prime ministerial dialogue between the two countries has been a high point in the political relationship. China has entered the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Economic The GDP of China has grown from 7.7% to 7.8% from 1999 to 2013 (National Bureau of Statistics of China 2014). It has been found that the growth rate of the disposable income in the Urban area of China is high (Chung, 2014). Social In recent years the acceptance of modern trends like coffee culture has been increased in China (Kogetsidis, 2012). With the change of peoples lifestyle coffee consumption rate in China has increased by over 16% compared to the last decade (Shaw, 2015). Technological Implementation of e-commerce can help the company to meet the needs of Chinese customers. CiboExpresso can combine the store experience with online service to improve business operation (Hull, 2012). Legal The Chinese government is focusing on improving the legal systems. It includes areas such as protection against unfair competition, protecting rights of consumers, protecting patent (Kllezi, 2013). It has made business easier for companies like CiboExpresso in China. Environmental In order to do business in China, the company needs to focus on corporate social responsibility. The company needs to concentrate on the sustainable development of the coffee cultivation system in China. CiboExpresso should avoid using paper cups to reduce waste just like company Starbucks. Figure 1: PESTLE analysis of CiboExpresso (Source:Chung, 2014) SWOT analysis Strengths 1. The company provides high value to the customers and the employees. The company creates a culture of warmth and belonging where every customer is welcomed (Craymer, 2015). 2. The company is very careful about maintaining quality of coffee products. The company has strong market position in Australia that will help the company to expand its business in China. 3. The company has a strong brand value. 4. It is a strong competitor in Australia. 5. It is one of the fastest growing companies in Australia. Weakness 1. The company has set high price for its products due to its high quality. The company has to improve pricing structure. The company needs to understand that people cannot afford to pay $4 for a single cup of coffee. 2. The Chinese government has increased the amount of tax and the minimum wage amount that make it more challenging for the company. Opportunities 1. The company can increase its product mix and add different types of juices to attract customers in China. It can include noodles, sushi and other cheap range of healthy breakfast in the store. 2. The company can introduce a new method of delivery system in China named as mobile pour. It can be a great opportunity for the company to enhance its distribution channel in China and gather high revenue. It can incorporate drone system for delivery. 3. The company continues to introduce new products to gather attention of all age groups. These products include Smoothies, Frappuccino beverages, tea, different types of coffee and pastries. Threats 1. Increased amount of competition is one of the biggest threats for the company CiboExpresso. Renowned brands like Starbucks already has gathered 15% market share in China (DAltorio, 2013). 2. The increase of price of coffee beams is possessing great threat for the organization. Figure 2: SWOT analysis of CiboExpresso. (Source:) ROOT market entry analysis Mode Advantage Disadvantage Licensing Proper registration would create no bar in exporting or importing products. Delegates would also have a hassle free experience. Proper documentation and licensing would ensure a smooth running at present as well as in the future. The company will be out of any legal cases. The process of licensing is time consuming. Slow processing would lead to late entry in the market. This may incur some losses but would be beneficial in the long run. Franchising Offers independence High rate of success More security of finance Franchises have an established image and reputation, ongoing support, and work practices. Joint Venture More access to distribution networks, greater resources such as technology, specialized staff, and finance, and new markets Enables growth without borrowing funds. Do not have to hunt for customers. More flexible Medium amount of capital investment is required Relationship with partner highly matters Capital recovery is tough Acquisition Local knowledge can be gathered Market entry is faster than any other mode High risk of failure Complexity related with purchasing existed Foreign Direct Investment Potential of high profit More control over brand and business operation Local knowledge can be gathered Require high capital investment Requirement of highly capable management team High political risks High level of complexity Figure 3: ROOT market entry analysis of CiboExpresso (Source:) After making the Root Market Entry Analysis, it has been found that franchising market entry model is most suited for the company CiboExpresso. As it is a small size organization, it will not be able to make high capital investment. Hence, acquisition and Foreign direct investment is not possible for the company. On the other hand franchising requires less capital investment. In addition, this market entry strategy has more control than licensing. Hence this market entry strategy is most suitable for CiboExpresso. CAGE model It has been found that CAGE model had been developed by Pankaj Ghemawat. Four factors have been provided in this model that help to understand the challenges that a company has to face while entering a new market. They are discussed below in a table: Cage Model Cultural distance It has been found that the difference between language, social and cultural value of Australia and China is huge. Cultural differences create impediments in the process of negotiation. It influences the way people think and negotiate. For instance, one culture may consider signing a contract important. For another culture, establishing a relationship may be more important. Administrative distance It is a comparison between socialist and a democratic society. During the year of 2000, China has become a signatory to the WTO. The laws and processes of the country have become more aligned with the global market. Geographic distance Both the country Australia and china cover majority part of the time zone. Hence, a sound business strategy is required in order to mitigate the geographic distance. Economic distance It has been found that economic growth is high for both the countries. Australia is known for its natural resources while China is known for its production capacity (Kwock et al., 2013). Figure 4: CAGE model (Source:Kwock et al., 2013) After analyzing the cage model, it has been found that cultural, social and language differences between these two countries can become a major obstacle of success for CiboExpresso. The CAGE Distance Framework helps companies to identify the cultural differences. The company can analyze the behavior and value of consumers across border and deal with those issues. Administrative Distance helps to identify current legal and political issues between partners. Geographic distance describes the physical and geographical problems. Even though the world has shrunk with the development of technology, it is important to visit their trading partners residing in different places. Economic distance would analyze the fundamental differences relating to distribution of wealth, economy, and power. Most importantly, CAGE framework emphasizes the importance of distance among company, suppliers, and countries. Because of the CAGE Framework, managers would be able to identify the locations depending on access to consumers, markets, and raw material costs. Market entry strategy Leadership issues It has been found that the management of CiboExpresso has to face six categories of leadership issues. They are mentioned below: Development of managerial effectiveness The major challenge that the management of CiboExpresso has to face is related with development of relevant skills among employees. They are such as strategic thinking, time management, prioritization, effective decision making capability and improving efficiency of business operation (Maguire Johnson, 2013). Inspiring local workers of China As there is cultural and language difference between Australia and China, It will become a challenge for the management team to inspire and motivate Chinese workforce. The company has to take necessary steps to make sure that they become satisfied with their job. Team development Effective team development can help the management to reduce the cultural barriers. The management has to instill pride in the team. They also need to provide all kind of support and advice them to work smartly. Guiding to change With the change of consumer behaviour, it has become necessary for any business organization to adopt change (Olivier, 2013). As the CiboExpresso is has to develop effective strategy to understand and manage change while doing business in China. The management also has to develop strategy to mitigate consequences of change, reaction of employees during change. Managing internal stakeholders and politics In order to do business in China, the company has to develop a team to manage relationship with governmental bodies, unions and other internal stakeholders. Marketing issues The major marketing issues that the company CiboExpresso may has to face in China are such as: Communication problem due to language, social and cultural barriers. In adequate knowledge about the middle class society of China Lack of of reliable market research can also disrupt the business operation of CiboExpresso in China (Olivier, 2015). Lack of transparency is the Chinese market can also become a problem for the company Finding skilled employees within reasonable cost can become a problem for the company. In order to overcome these issues, the company can implement some major strategies. They are mentioned below: The company needs to focus on all important aspects of market entry like product, price, promotion and place. The company also needs to make adequate research before entering the Chinese market. The company needs to focus on developing effective relationship with local coffee supplier of China and various governmental bodies. The company has focus on product quality and service to attract Chinese consumers. Human resource management issues While doing business in China, major human resource management issues that CiboExpresso has to face are: Legal environment The company has face problems related with changing regulations of China. For example, In China, foreign economic organizations and financial institutions have no authority to hire employees directly (Olivier, 2015). For this reason, CiboExpresso has to take help from specially designated HR management agencies to hire employees in China. Business Etiquette and Ethics Peterson (2014) stated that, in the last decade, China has made tremendous progress in economy. However, most of the Chinese people think that their job will last for lifetime and it will provide them steady income and profitability. They are also resistant to change (Slater, 2015). Hence, it is the responsibility of the management to support them and influence them to accept change. Issues related with HR administration Recruitment and labour cost are the two major issues that the HR administration has to face in China. It has been found that 10% of the Chinese candidates have the capability to apply in areas such as engineering, accounting and finance. The shortage is more prominent in Tier 2 and Tier 3cities. In addition, the labor cost in China has raised 12% in the last 10 years (Zhao Patten, 2016). They also expect high allowance and incentives from their jobs. The company has to take care of all these issues while recruiting employees in China. Financial risks The major financial issues that the company may have to face in China are described below: It has been found that economys debt of the country China has increased over the past 5 years (Hull, 2012). It has analyzed that the new borrowing is increased by Rmb 6 trillion in the first quarter of 2016. For this reason, less credit is provided to the foreign companies who are trying to enter the market of China. Secondly it has been found that foreign companies, that are trying to enter China, have to wait several years to get approval. For this reason, the company has to make cash flow plan in advance. In addition moving cash out China can also be a slow process. Kllezi (2013) stated that three set of approval is required to remit funds from China. The company also needs to have Tax clearance certificate and cross-border payment certificate in advance. Recommendation There are some recommendations have given below so that the company can improve its business model. The company CiboExpresso must arrange business trips, strive for international assignments, and build global project teams. To eliminate cross-cultural differences, the company must indulge in meaningful collaborations with colleagues of peer level from varied cultures. The members of global team must be skilful, knowledgeable, and must have the efficiency to work in different cultural contexts. The company must receive feedback from the customers of different cultural context. The company must take measures for motivating employees. The manager must be equipped in such a manner that he/she is able to engage the employees in productive work and encourage them to utilize their potential to the fullest. Since a company thrives because of its employees, the company must keep a fine balance between incentives, remuneration, and culture. Moreover, the HR department must keep complete track of the three combinations to satisfy the needs of its employees. The price of any product must be in tune with the result of market studies. It must match with the affordability of the target members of the target market. The company must keep a proper track of financial resources and develop a financial management plan to staff, organize, lead, and control an organization. Conclusion It has been found that the company CiboExpresso has great opportunity to expand its market in China. The company has sufficient time, money, human resources and an appropriate business model that can help the organization to successfully enter the market of China. However, intense competition from renowned brands likes Starbucks poses major threat for CiboExpresso. In addition, the price of coffee beams is also increasing rapidly. It has become another major concern for the organization. Risk for the organization has been analyzed with the help of SWOT and PESTLE analysis. In addition, the market entry strategy for the company has been analyzed. Issues related with leadership, marketing and human resource management is discussed in this section. Finally some recommendations have been provided to improve the business model. Reference list Arenas, R (2016), China insights on category opportunities for Australian exporters, Canberra, Australia. Barlow, N (2013a), Chinas Coffee Industry is Brewing, China Briefing, accessed August 17, 2016, from https://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/10/09/chinas-coffee-industry-is-brewing.html. Barlow, N (2013b), The State of Domestic Coffee Production in China, China Briefing, accessed August 17, 2016, from https://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/10/22/the-state-of-domestic-coffee-production-in-china.html. Chung, S (2014), Explaining compliance: A multi-actor framework for understanding labour law compliance in China, Human Relations, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 237260. CiboExpresso, (2016), Cibo Express, Www.Ciboexpresso.Com.Au, accessed August 15, 2016, from https://www.ciboespresso.com.au/. Craymer, L (2015), Chinas changing tastes offer upside for coffee, Wall Street Journal, pp. 13, accessed August 15, 2016, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-changing-tastes-offer-upside-for-coffee-1442431980#livefyre-comment. DAltorio, T (2013), Asias Emerging Middle Class Consumption, Investment U, accessed August 17, 2016, from https://www.investmentu.com/article/detail/18208/asia-emerging-middle-class-consumer#.V7T8vJh95pg. Kwock, B, James, M Tsui, A (2013), Doing Business in China: What is the Use of Having a Contract? The Rule of Law and Guanxi when Doing Business in China., Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 5667. Maguire, R Johnson, H (2013), Justice for pollution-victims in China and Australia, Crime, Justice, and Social Democracyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD. Olivier (2013), The coffee market in China, www.marketingtochina.com, accessed August 16, 2016, from https://marketingtochina.com/the-coffee-market-in-china/. Olivier (2015a), Case study of Costa Coffees marketing in China, Marketing China, accessed August 11, 2016, from https://marketingtochina.com/case-studies-of-costa-coffee-marketing-in-china/. Olivier (2015b), How Starbucks is Different in China, www.marketingtochina.com, accessed August 15, 2016, from https://marketingtochina.com/how-starbucks-is-different-in-china/. Peterson, H (2014), 5 Ways Starbucks is Different in China, Business Insider, accessed August 17, 2016, from https://www.businessinsider.com/how-starbucks-is-different-in-china-2014-8?IR=T. Slater, M (2015), 6 Common Types of Company Registration in China, accessed March 14, 2016, from https://www.chinacheckup.com/explanations/company-registration-in-china. Zhao, N Patten, DM (2016), An exploratory analysis of managerial perceptions of social and environmental reporting in China: Evidence from state-owned enterprises in Beijing, Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 8098. Hull, J. (2012). Risk management and financial institutions. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. Kllezi, J. (2013). Strategies of Entry Modes: The Case of Greek Banks Entering the Albanian Market. AJIS. https://dx.doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p321 Kogetsidis, H. (2012). Critical Systems Thinking: A Creative Approach to Organizational Change. Journal of Transnational Management, 17(3), 189-204. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15475778.2012.706704 Shaw, K. (2015). Foreign Market Entry Strategies. China-USA Business Review, 14(8). https://dx.doi.org/10.17265/1537-1514/2015.08.002

Herodotus Essay Research Paper Herodotus 484424 BC free essay sample

Herodotus Essay, Research Paper Herodotus ( 484-424 BC? ) a Grecian historiographer, known as the male parent of history, who was the first historiographer to use critical rating to his stuff, while besides entering divergent sentiments. He made his prose manner resemble the finest poesy by its strength, its appeal, and its utterly delicious consequence. Although his Hagiographas have been praised, their trustiness has been questioned both in antediluvian and modern times. After four old ages in Athens, he traveled widely in Egypt, Asia and the Black Sea part of E. Europe, before settling at Thurii in S. Italy in 443 BC. He wrote histories of his assorted travels for the people of Greece. He read his, # 8220 ; History # 8221 ; publically to the Athenians and was rewarded for this historical work. He contrived to put before his chap citizens a general image of the universe, of its assorted races, and of the old history of those states which had one. We will write a custom essay sample on Herodotus Essay Research Paper Herodotus 484424 BC or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He besides was really careful to diversify his pages by dispersing among his more serious affair narratives, anecdotes, and descriptions of a lighter character, which are really graceful add-ons to the chief narrative. Two work forces are celebrated coevalss of Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon, who were both from Athens. Thucydides ( 460 BC # 8211 ; 400 BC? ) was a better historiographer than Herodotus and his critical usage of beginnings and research made his # 8220 ; History of the Peloponnesian War # 8221 ; a important influence on ulterior coevalss of historiographers. Xenophon ( 430 BC # 8211 ; 355 BC? ) began his # 8220 ; Hellenica where Thucydides ended his work about 411 BC and carried his history to 362 BC. His Hagiographas were superficial in comparing to those of Thucydides, but he wrote with authorization on military matters.Herodotus believed that many Grecian rites and imposts were inherited from the Egyptians as the Grecian civilisation developed. He recorded the broad scope of spiritual patterns he encountered in his travels, comparing the spiritual observations of assorted civilizations, such as forfeit and worship, with their Grecian equivalents. He rather perchance followed the cult patterns of Serapis, which is the Grecian Name for Osiris the incarnation of goodness, who ruled the underworld. He identified Isis with Demeter, the Greek goddess of Earth, agribusiness, and birthrate. About two centuries subsequently, under the Greco-Egyptian Empire, which was created by Alexander the Great, the worship of Osiris ( Serapis ) was developed as a agency of uniting the Greeks and Egyptians. He observed that the Egyptians strongly opposed the acceptance of foreign customs. However, at Chemmis, at large city near Neapolis, the people worshipped Perseus, a Greek god. Greek ceremonies were used and gymnastic games were held in his honor. Chemmites believed that Perseus belonged to their city by descent.His account of the mourning practices relates to the artwork of the â€Å"Wall Painting at Hierakonpolis† of the late pre-dynastic period. In the painting, a funerary scene is depicted with people, animals, and boats. In the boats, there are tombs and mourning women. Herodotus states that during the mourning the women would wander through the streets weeping with their bare breasts exposed beating themselves for seventy (70) days and would sing the song of Maneros, the funeral dirge. This customary song of Maneros (in Egypt) is identical to the song called Linus (in Greece). While this mourning period was occurring the body was t aken to a professional embalmer, who would remove the brain (through the nostrils) and the other organs and treat the body inside with drugs, spices, and oils. They would then place the body entirely in natrum for seventy (70) days. After that exact time the body was washed, and wrapped in linen bandages from head to foot covered in gum that was used as glue, and given back to the family for burial. When a foreigner lost his life by falling prey to a crocodile or by drowning in the Nile River, the law allowed for the body to be embalmed in the manner such as the treatment of a wealthy Egyptian. This was done because of the beliefs of Egyptians that the death of such a manner transcends the body as something more than just a mere man. Works CitedBlakeney, E.H.. The Histories of Herodotus. Trans. George Rawlinson. New York. Everymans Library Series, E.P. Dutton, 1970.†Greek Mythology.† Microsoft ? Encarta ? 98 Encyclopedia. ? 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. All rights res erved.†Herodotus.† Microsoft ? Encarta ? 98 Encyclopedia. ? 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.†Isis (mythology).† Microsoft ? Encarta ? 98 Encyclopedia. ? 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.†Religion.† Microsoft? Encarta ? 98 Encyclopedia. ? 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.†History Part V.† Webster’s Encyclopedia. Webster’s Interactive Encyclopedia 1998.? Encore Software. 1998 Helicon Publishing Ltd. CD

International Sport Events In The Netherlands Tourism Essays

International Sport Events In The Netherlands Tourism Essays International Sport Events In The Netherlands Tourism Essay International Sport Events In The Netherlands Tourism Essay 1.Introduction Without a successful execution of a superb scheme, it will hold no value. For a superb executing a successful scheme has to be created for every athletics organisation who wants to form such an events as the World Cup Football, Ryder Cup, Olympic Games, World Cup Hockey and Tour de France. The Olympic Games, World Cup Football and the Ryder Cup are the three biggest featuring events in the universe in footings of witness screening ( Tucker, 2007 ) . When a state wants to form such a large athletics event, the forming state has to hold a possible to form such an event and do an offer which can non be refused by the athletics commissions. This paper can added value and assist to supply such an offer which can non be refused. In the Netherlands there are athletics organisations which have the dream to form an event as the RyderCup 2014, World Cup Football 2018 or 2022 and the Olympic Games 2028 in the Netherlands. This paper has to place the most of import factors that have influence on a winning command for those events and do the dream become true. The construct of command on an international athletics event has grown the last decennaries. It has started merely before the Olympics of 1984 ( Los Angeles, USA ) . Such an international athletics event like the Olympics and the World Cup Football can supply the host metropolis and state a batch of benefits, but these are non ever guaranteed ( Meannig and Du Plessis, 2007 ) . For illustration, the Olympics of 1976 ( Montreal, Canada ) resulted in a immense sum of debts. Therefore, the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) was since the Olympics of 1984 more focused on cost efficiency, low-risk and the use of bing substructure. The consequence of this attack was a immense fiscal success for Los Angeles 1984. Besides this, grosss from telecasting rights and sponsorships were increasing so more states were interested in forming such a athletics event ( Shoval, 2002 ) . The organisation of the international athletics events has to present an excellent offer, which exceeds outlook, to the commission by the organisation of the athletics event in the Netherlands. This research has the end to derive an understanding what it takes to win the command of some great sport event by placing the cardinal success factors of the command procedure. The research on this subject had an international focal point so there is no article of all time written on Dutch athletics event command. Therefore, this subject is really interesting for carry oning research. 1.1 Research inquiries To form such an event, an initial missive has to be written to the commission of the athletics event. With the dorsum of the Dutch Government they have to compose a missive of purpose to do the command functionary. Within this missive, the organisation will depict their program of action and why the event has to be in the Netherlands. With the deficiency of research on event command in the Netherlands, this research will concentrate on the apprehension of what it takes to win the command for an international athletics event by placing the cardinal success factors of the biding procedure. In this research, the most of import cardinal success factors will be identified and what the influence on the winning command will be. The inquiry of this research will be stated as followed: What are the indispensable factors and how can these be incorporated to make a winning command for an international athletics event in the Netherlands? 1.2 Sub inquiries I have divided the research inquiry in the undermentioned sub-questions: i‚Â · What are the advantages and this advantages of forming an international athletics event in the Netherlands? i‚Â · What are the stairss involved in the command procedure of an international athletics event? i‚Â · What are success factors for winning event commands by and large and within the Nederlands? i‚Â · What are the past experiences of implementing a command for an international athletics event in The Netherlands? 1.3 Command on major athletics events The growing of commercialisation in athletics has been significantly increased the last decennaries. International athletics events are really interesting for host economic systems, companies and athletics organisations ( Slack, 1998 ) . This is non merely because of economic benefit but every bit good for societal and political benefits ( Swart and Bob, 2004 ) . The complexness and benefits for hosting such a athletics event are grounds why athletics events are presently capable to a command procedure. The commands of the host states are presented to the boards and commissions for blessing ( e.g. IOC, FIFA, UEFA and RyderCup ) . The commissions of those major athletics events organize a competitory auction in the signifier of commands by possible host states to maximise the gross from the rights to form an major athletics event. This command procedure can be seen as a monopolizer confronting a competitory groups of bidders were three parties are able to pull out much of the fiscal benefit of hosting the athletics event from the command states. The athletics commissions sign a contract with the host state that regulates the flow of benefits associated with the athletics event. Hosting an international athletics event can be seen in an economical point of position as a right, which the host state buys from the athletics commissions ( Maenning and Du Plessis, 2007 ) 1.4 Model of the command procedure Offering on an international athletics event can be visualized in a conceptual theoretical account ( figure 1 ) . This theoretical account shows the relationships with different elements taken into contemplation that have impact on the mark of the thesis. The theoretical account shows the factors that are of import and of influence on a command procedure for an international athletics event. 1.5 Relevance In this Master thesis the research worker have tried to acquire more cognition on the indispensable factors to make a winning command on an international athletics event in the Netherlands. To make a winning command a big fiscal investing is needed but hosting an international athletics event can convey tremendous benefits. This is the ground why the figure of bidders is increasing tremendously. Due this fact, this specific research on the indispensable factors for hosting an international event can be of added value for the event bidder. Besides, on the subject on event command is really small known. The relevancy of this research could be of influence on the determination shapers for coming bid book shapers for hosting an international athletics event in the Netherlands. 2. Research Methodology 2.1 Introduction This chapter outlines the research methodological analysis used for this Master thesis. It will do clear which types of informations have been used and more significantly why. Furthermore, it should do clear how the analyses have been conducted and where the decisions are based on. 2.2 Research design To reply the research inquiry, this chapter should do clear how the research have been conducted the analysis and were the decision are based on. The information for this study consist out of primary and secondary informations. The primary information is collected by qualitative interviews with experts in the field of international athletics events or command procedures. Qualitative attack is taken, because more practical penetrations into a command procedure can be taken. This is non possible when the research is conducted merely via qualitative informations. The secondary informations comes from theoretical cognition, which is available. The secondary informations can been found through literature from diaries, books and research studies. Most of this information is related to international athletics events and non to feature events in the Netherlands. Besides this, a good reply on the research inquiry can be reached through the information from international athletics events. The combination of primary and secondary informations can be used to reply the research inquiry and the sub inquiries. First, the sub inquiries will be answered which will take automatically to the reply of the chief inquiry. At the terminal, the consequences of the primary and secondary day of the month will be combined the come up with decisions and recommendations. 2.3 Interviews Qualitative interviews will be used for the primary informations. First of wholly, the inquiry list was set up. This list contains more than 20 inquiries, divided into different subjects with extra inquiries. These inquiries were based on the sub inquiries of the thesis. Before the interview, the chief subjects of the interview will be explained by a short debut. This, to give the interviewee a short indicant were the research worker is looking for and do them comfy with the interview. The interviewee was asked about his map and the engagement of the company/government into athletics events and about the added value for athletics events in the Netherlands. The command procedure is taken to research how the command procedure is set up, who is involved and what the chief phases are. The 2nd subject of the interview is stakeholder, which identifies the most of import people into the command procedure and what their influences can be. Success factors identifies and ranks the critical suc cess factors on a winning command. The 4th subject, international athletics events in the Netherlands acknowledge if concerns, authorities, ( local ) community are all supportive and enthusiastic about hosting such an event in the Netherlands. The last subject of the interview will be the Improvements on the command procedure of international athletics events in the Netherlands. 2.3.1 Choice of participants Besides the inquiry list was made, a list of participants was created for carry oning interviews. This list is divided into two different groups: ( a ) athletics and ( B ) industry environment. Group A: athletics: This group exists of people active within the athletics universe and involved in command procedures for international athletics events. Group B: industry environment. This group exists of stakeholders, the corporate universe and other experts in the field of 2.3.2 Data aggregation Initial contact was needed before the interviews could take topographic point. All contacts were made by the research workers straight. The interviews were conducted via face to face and telephone, due the troubles for doing an assignment. The interviews were recorded with permission of the interviewee. The interviews were recorded due the fact that the research worker do non desire to lose of import quotation marks and miss of import reading. Besides, the informations analyse could be done more exactly because the research worker could listen more times to the interview. This to guarantee no of import or valuable information was lost. 2.3.3 Data analysis After each interview was conducted, the interview was converted into transcripts. It was non literally typed out, because non all information was relevant for the research. After carry oning the interviews, all the interviews were analyzed on replies on the sub inquiry. These replies were compared with the theoretical portion of the thesis. The informations coming from the interviews were used to back up or strength the theoretical informations. 2.4 Decision In this chapter the research methodological analysis was set out for carry oning research. It started with the account of the usage of primary and secondary informations. After, an account of the set up for the interviews and the participants. Continued with the manner the information was collected and analyzed. With this, theoretical and practical informations were compared and could give informations to reply the sub inquiries for this thesis. 3. Theoretical model 3.1 Introduction In this chapter I will show a reappraisal of the literature to research what has been researched and written sing my subject. The information will be used to acquire a better apprehension of the subject with research that has been conducted by researches. The result of the deepness interview can be compared with the theoretical informations to acquire a better understanding about the command procedure for an international athletics event. The information that already has been written on my subject, I will utilize it to acquire a better apprehension on my subject. The interviews with specific spouses will be used to compare theoretical informations with practical informations. Both can take to the best attack, which can be used for the command procedure. Due the deficiency of information and literature to the command procedure of international athletics events in the Netherlands, I will concentrate chiefly on the information found about command and forming athletics events. The chapter is divided into different subdivisions. First the term international athletics events will be described. Second the advantages that can be achieved by forming major events. Followed by the most of import factors that are of import to make a winning command. After this the factors of influence will be discussed. Last, the past experience of event command in the Netherlands will be described. 3.2 An international athletics event Literature describes these sorts of events as particular, mega, alone or major events ( Getz, 1997 ; Hall, 1995 ) . All events have an pulling international attending, short continuance and organized one-off or on a regular rhythm. To form such an international event, support from the ( local ) authorities of the host state is needed. With this support, the organisation can reconstitute the substructure, altering policies, etc. The international athletics events pull a batch of international attending, because it is broadcasted all over the universe with many witnesss. All of those factors are related to an international athletics event and that is the ground why researches define this as an international athletics event. Events like the Olympics, World Soccer, Tour de France and the Ryder Cup are illustrations of an international athletics event. 3.3 Value of hosting events The literature describes the value of organisation such a alone event as the Olympics, World Soccer, Tour de France and the Ryder Cup. The hosting state can see socio-economic and political benefits before, during and after the event ( Swart and Bob, 2004 ; Jones, 2001 ) . A twosome of benefits are effects on the societal community, coevals of grosss, development bowls and substructure, excess touristry, return touristry via experiences and media exposure, and other economical benefits ( Swart and Bob, 2004Getz, 1997 ; Hall, 1995 ) . Besides the exhilaration of being a host state, a batch of media exposure can convey positive returns to the hosting state, which offset initial investing made ( Du Plessis, 2007 ) . Hall ( 1992 ) has found in his research that states or metropoliss besides host international athletics events for hiking their image of the state or metropolis in order to develop the touristry. With this a metropolis or state wants to be a concern or touristry finish. Fore sts ( 2005 ) mentioned that the above steps touchable impacts could besides be intangible impacts. Social intangible impacts such as quality of life, civic pride and societal properties of communities could alter into a positive or negative manner for the host state or metropolis. Forests ( 2005 ) explained the touchable and intangible impacts in a diagram for host states. This can be found in appendix A. 3.4 Factors of Influence With the fact the more and more states are offering on athletics events, it is of import to cognize the complexness and alone environment of the athletics industry. Due the fact that there is a limited supply of athletics events, it of import to cognize which factors influences the command procedure. Emery ( 2002 ) concluded the increasing demand from metropoliss to host athletics events and suggest that there is a demand to find the advantages of a state into the command procedure. A bidder should work their ain strengths instead than the failing into rivals. Therefore, several researches came up with cardinal factors into a winning command. The six factors of Crockett ( 1994 ) are: part publicity, fiscal returns, location determination, professional presentation, demands of determination shapers and economic impact. Emery ( 2002 ) came up with the undermentioned factors: full apprehension of the brief and the formal/informal decision-making procedure ; professional credibleness ; m ake non presume that decision-makers are experts, or that they use rational standards for choice ; custom-making professional touchable and intangible products/services and transcending outlook and cognizing the strengths and failings of your command in comparison to your competition. The cardinal success factors for command on an international athletics event were divided into two different groups: primary standards and new primary standards by the researches Ingerson and Westerbeek ( 2000 ) . Primary standards can be seen as pressing necessities to host an international athletics event in a state or metropolis. These standards must run into the demands of the event proprietors. The standards were: economic, political, substructure, media and proficient. After their research they came up with new primary standards which were: command trade name equity, edifice dealingss, bequest, offering experience, warrant added value, offering experience, originative statistics and command squad composing. After new research in 2002 of Ingerson and Westerbeek and in add-on Turner more of import factors were found. They came up with the eight success factors needed to make a winning command to form an international athletics event. The eight success factors defined by these research workers are: substructure, relationship selling, answerability, political support, ability, command squad composing, bing installations, and communicating and exposure. In the event proprietor view the ability factor of the forming squad can be seen as a important factor in the determination doing procedure to give the right to the squad to host the athletics event. The ability factor can be divided in proficient expertness, event direction and sport-specific expertness to run the event ( Ingerson, Westerbeek and Turner, 2002 ) 3.4.1 Bid Team Emery ( 2002 ) concluded in his research that a command squad must understand the formal and informal procedures and these should non be underestimated. A command squad with a batch of experiences in forming little or big ( international ) athletics event is really ideal, but this can be overcome by choosing cardinal individuals to fall in the command squad. 3.4.2 Stakeholders The engagement of stakeholders is important in portion of the command procedure and is aimed at increasing effectivity of describing to do certain that determinations really reflected the diverse involvements of all different histrions involved ( Frey, Iraldo and Melis, 2007 ) . It is necessary that the command squad cooperate with the cardinal stakeholders in the execution of an international athletics event. This to guarantee that different policies are complementary alternatively of viing with one other. A strong base of people who are in favor is important to make a winning command but it takes many stakeholders to form an international athletics event. An illustration with different stakeholders in the command procedure of an international athletics event is ; Local community Political and concern leaders Sport event commission Sport federations ( local ) Government Support from concern community 3.4.2.1 Local community A important portion in the command procedure is the support of the local community. Without the support of the local community it is about impossible to form a successful international athletics event. A duologue between the command squad and the local community ( stakeholders ) is necessary to understand and analyse the impacts and jobs on the community. 3.4.2.2 Support Business support and/or public support is frequently indispensable for an international athletics event because of the big sum of the fiscal committedness ( Westerbeek, Turner A ; Ingerson, 2002 ) . Another indispensable factor is the big measures of voluntaries that is necessary in the organisation ( Emery, 2002 ) . The securing of an international athletics event from portion of a more comprehensive touristry, concern investing scheme or athletics development to show that the major event is widely accepted and accepted by the community as a whole. 3.4.2.3 Sport associations In the organisation procedure athletics federations, both at national every bit good as international degree are playing an of import function to make a winning command. At national degree the support of athletics federations are really of import in the command procedure. For illustration, to make a winning command for the Olympics in 2028 in Amsterdam support from the NOC*NSF ( Dutch Olympic Committee ) is necessary. On an international degree, support from the European athletics federation is critical in the command procedure like the UEFA ( European Football Association ) for the World Soccer Bid in 2018 in the Netherlands. 3.4.2.4 Government, provincial and local political relations The organisation commission has to understand the bureaucratism of the authorities, provincial and local political relations. Besides, they have to put in this relationship. The organisation of the athletics event will be guarantee that there is a desire and support of the ( local ) authorities to procure the international athletics event for their state and part. A authorities relation s expert can be of added value for a command squad and its political support. First of all support from politicals is of import for procuring important resources such as physical, fiscal and human resources. Second, the support is needed for political and fiscal stableness of the hosting state in relation to the longer-term ends and policies of the authorities that will lend to the quality of the athletics event ( Westerbeek, Turner A ; Ingerson, 2002 ) . 3.5 Bidding procedure The command procedure is for every international athletics event different. This can differ significantly, depending on the sort of event. There is a difference between command for the Olympic Games or World Cup Baseball. Emery ( 1997 ) concluded that there seems to be a generic command procedure which can be used for all sort of athletics events that require a command. The environment of an international athletics event is really complex and involves different elements: resource, organisational and proficient complexness ( Maylor, 1996 ) . Harmonizing to the research of Emery ( 2002 ) the command procedure will last minimally one twelvemonth with three different organisational phases ( figure 2 ) . First of wholly, the group willing to take part in the command procedure should acquire blessing of the local council. Second, the group should convert the national athletics federation by offering a competitory command, which will go the national command after the blessing. Finally, this national command will be offered to the international athletics commission and this should take to a winning command and therefore the right to host the international athletics event. Figure 2: Basic sum-up of major event organisation relationships and construction ( Emery, 2002 ) Within the three phases, the degree of resource committedness, bureaucratism and engagement of stakeholders rises. When the right to host the international athletics event is officially, the low degree contractors are responsible for the major hazards associated with the event ( Emery, 2002 ) . Getz ( 2001 ) came up with another theory were the focal point is on relationship selling of the command procedure ( figure 3 ) . This theoretical account described the factors that influence a command procedure and a winning scheme. It described the standards for the event proprietor and on the other side the factors that influence the event organisers. Those standards come together and ensue to the command procedure. This theoretical account with the two standards is influenced by different critical success factors. Figure 3: Event command procedure ( Getz, 2001 ) Appendixs Appendix A

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Bill of Rights - Essay Example Amendment four People have the right to be safe in their houses, effects, and persons, against illogical seizures and searches, shall not be infringed, and no guarantees shall issue, but on likely cause, supported by affirmation or oath, and specifically describing the location of search, and the individuals or items to be seized. Amendment five No one shall be answerable for a capital, or any renowned crime, except on an indictment or a presentment of grand judges, in exception of cases occurring from naval or land forces, or in the military, when in real service in war or public danger times; nor shall any individual be subject to similar offense to be placed in danger of life or extremity, nor shall be forced in any criminal case to witness against himself, nor his life, property, or liberty be deprived without the correct law process, nor shall personal property be taken to be used publicly, without being justly compensated. Amendment six The accused shall enjoy the right to a qu ick and public trial, by a neutral judge of the district and state where the crime was committed, the district should have been determined by law, and to be made aware of the cause and nature of the allegation; to be dealt with the witness in opposition to him; to have an obligatory procedure for finding witnesses in his favor, and to be assisted by the counsel in defending him. Amendment seven At common law suits, where the value in disagreement exceeds twenty dollars, the jury’s right of trial shall be preserved, yet no reality by a judge shall be otherwise be reevaluated in any U.S. court, than in accordance to the common law. Amendment eight Extreme bail shall not be necessary, nor extra fines imposed, nor brutal and strange punishments imposed. Amendment nine The details in the Constitution, of particular rights, shall not be interpreted to disparage or deny others retained by citizens. Amendment ten Those powers not provided by the Constitution to the U.S, nor forbidden by it to the states, are set aside to the states respectively, or to the citizens. The amendments related to due process protections and criminal procedures protect the rights of the accused and the suspected persons, convicted criminals, and criminal defendants. The rights are all provided in the 4th 5th, 6th, and 8th amendments as discussed above (Bruns, 1986). Our group chose on five U.S citizens to interview in order to get a clear understanding of how the public is aware of the Human Rights and the procedures established by the amendments. The interviewees included a male University student, a soldier, a female lawyer, a business man, and a female town clerk. The group interviewed the five citizens basing on: their perceptions and awareness regarding the subject; knowledge on the violation of rights and protection; and knowledge on particular human rights institutions and the process of accessing them. The survey questions to the interviewees were: Have you ever heard of the U .S Constitutional Bill of Rights? Are you aware that the Constitution has a chapter on criminal procedures and protection of essential human rights? How much of the Bill do you have clear knowledge about? By how far have you read the U.S constitution? Do you think the rights are being exercised as provided? Are

Validity of Electronic Contracts in the UK

Validity of Electronic Contracts in the UK REGULATIONS AND CASE ANALYSIS ON THE VALIDITY OF ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS IN UNITED KINGDOM[1] The validity of Electronic Contracts in United Kingdom Legal background of UK legislations on Electronic contracts In the late 1990s, the lack of a legal foundation for e-commerce has caused many European countries to separately enact electronic signature law.[2]Such a trend has raised a concern to the EU as a whole for the differences there might be.[3]In addressing the issue, the EU has come up with the Directive on a Community Framework for Electronic Signatures (EU E-Signatures Directive).[4]The Directive requires implementation by all member states by July 19, 2001.[5]The Directive mainly deals with, inter alia, the recognition of electronic signature, technological neutrality, and international harmonization.[6] As a result, the Electronic Communications Act 2000 (ECA) and the Electronic Signatures Regulations 2002 (ESR) are the implementation of the EU Directive. 2. Electronic Communications Act 2000 During the history of English contract law, it has addressed and reconciled the validity issue of signature on the basis of their forms. Several forms of signatures were given legal validity such as initials, marks, seals or printed name.[7] When it comes to electronic signatures, UK maintained their perspective as to relying on the function performed by the signature method in determining its legality; this approach is called the technology neutral approach.[8] The ECA heavily inherits of this technology neutral approach. The ECA focuses on three main issues: (i) the validity of electronic signatures, (ii) the validity of electronic records in transactions, and (iii) the legality of public key cryptography.[9] Section 8 and 9 of the ECA removes the barrier between electronic documents and their paper counterparts. As such, electronic records are given legal validity on a case-by-case basis. The act also authorizes the Secretary of State to enact secondary legislations.[10] 3. Electronic Signatures Regulations 2002 The ESR came into force on March 8, 2002.[11]The main focus of the ESR is to implement certain provision of the EU E-Signatures Directive, especially the one concerning Cryptography Service Providers, including liability and data protection.[12] The ESR and the EU E-Signatures Directive share the same definition for electronic signature. Under the ESR, a legal person can be a signatory. The two legislations also share the same two types of signature, which is basic and advanced signature. Since UK contract law does not distinguish the notion of handwritten signature, theres no need for the ESR to specifically recognize the validity of an electronic signature as an alternative for the handwritten ones. However, various [U.K.] legislative acts have generally recognized [sic] that an e-signature is a valid form of signature in the specific context concerned.[13] Data messages under UK legislations Definition of data messages under UK legislations Under English legislation, data messages was addressed under the name of electronic communication. Section 15 of the Electronic Communication Act 2000 defines electronic communication as follows: A communication transmitted (whether from one person to another, from one device to another or from a person to a device or vice versa)- By means of a telecommunication system (within the meaning of the Telecommunication Act 1984); or By other means but while in an electronic form This broad definition covers all kinds of communication transmitted through a device to a telecommunication network, including a telephone, fax, computer or laptop. Regarding electronic contracting, the EDI might be the oldest form of computer-based electronic contracting.[14] Origin of data messages under UK legislations In England and Wales, it is also difficult to determine when and where the electronic communications are sent from. English legislation requires some physical manifestation of the subject matter, or the parties intent. Its not much important to search for the time of place where the electronic communication generated, but several legal aspects relied on these two factors. Electronic communications, in their nature, are intangible to the outer world, unless stored of physically manifested by electronic equipment. Even if the electronic data is stored in the device, it can be easily deleted or modified without leaving any trace of the interference. This is a major issue of evidential value of electronic data, for example, as to the existence of a contract or a contractual term. Evidential validity of data messages under UK legislations Electronic evidence has been subjected to special legislation in England for many years. The admissibility of data message in England was governed by a lot of rules, much more than those of traditional paper evidence. Section 5 of the Civil Evidence Act 1968 provides that a computer-produced document shall be admissible as evidence, provided that the proponent can demonstrate its authenticity. The person who wishes to submit electronic evidence must establish that: The document was prepared during a period over which the computer regularly stored or processed information; Over the relevant period of time, information of this type was regularly supplied to the computer; The computer was operating properly; and The information contained in the statement reproduces information supplied to the computer.[15] Without any of the above conditions, the electronic evidence would not be admissible. On the part of the proponent, not only he must prove the authenticity of the evidence, but also its reliability, often times by acquiring a certificate signed by a person responsible for the operation of the computer.[16] Time and place of data messages under UK legislations Time of data message under UK legislations In England and Wales, as well as many other countries, the courts face with a difficult issue of which rule between the dispatch rule and the receipt rule should be apply in certain cases. In fact, the solution for a previous case does not necessarily solve the problem in a new situation. Time of dispatch Some argued that the dispatch rule (originated from the postal rule) should be applied in those cases dealing with e-mail communication, but not to online transactions.[17] The reason for this is because they observed that e-mail communications share many feature with the old-time postal communication, for example, after the sender hit the sending button, he or she has very little control over what would happen to the message, or not at all. In other words, he did all he could in messaging the other party. Of course there might be some delay or problem as the two parties often do not communicate simultaneously. It was suggested that a modified postal rule should be used to deal with the formation of nowadays electronic communications. Time of receipt Should the court apply the receipt rule for contractual formation, the crucial issue would be the time of receipt of that piece of communication. In fact, one would find a lot of identifiable point along the communication process that would fit the receipt category.[18] The Electronic Commerce Directive of UK does not deal with the contractual acceptance but it does shed light on the time of receipt of a message. Article 11 of the Directive provides for the situation where an order was placed with a service provider and that service provider must acknowledge the receipt of that order. The order and acknowledgement of receipt are deemed to be received when the parties to whom they are addressed are able to access them.[19] The phrase able to access them was the subject of various debates. It is believed that the phrase was imported directly from regulation 11(2)(a) of the EC Directive and according to the Guidance for Business, when the message is capable of being accessed by the recipient it will be deemed received, which doesnt explain anything as to this interpretation.[20] For instance, if a data message is sent in the middle of the night, it must be deemed capable of being accessed, but is it reasonable to require a consumer to check a message in the middle of the night? In most of the case, after dispatching, no one would expect that message to be received at that time of the day. Place of data messages under UK legislations According to the general rule, the formation place of an electronic contract would the one where acceptance was communicated to the party making the offer. In specific situations, the place of acceptance was the place where the party making the offer received the acceptance. As a matter of facts, courts must look into details of the circumstance to decide which rule should be applied. Electronic signatures under UK legislations The ECA broadly defines electronic signature as so much of anything in electronic form that is incorporated into or otherwise logically associated with any electronic communication or electronic data and purports to be so incorporated or associated for the purpose of being used in establishing the authenticity of the communication or data, the integrity of the communication or data, or both.[21] From the above definition, an electronic signature can be broken into three elements, namely (i) so much of anything in electronic form, (ii) incorporation or logical association, and (iii) purports to be used by the individual creating it to sign.[22] The first requirement of an electronic contract is the electronic form. This is such a broad provision so as to make sure that new concepts that are yet to be invented would be covered by the definition. The second requirement of an electronic signature is the incorporation of logical association with an electronic communication or electronic data. The signature could be deemed incorporated or logically associated by the way it is created. For example, in the process of creating a digital signature, the software could take part of the plaintext and create a message authentication code, which allows a recipient to check whether the message has been altered. As a matter of fact, the authentication code is separated from the message but at the same time incorporated into it. Another instance is where a biometric measurement is attached to a message. In this case, the biometric measurement would only function when it is associated with the message. There are many other ways to produce an electronic signature but the same principle is applied to all of them, even though the function of the electronic signature may vary from case to case. The third element of an electronic signature is the intent of authenticity[23] by the signatory in creating the electronic signature. There are cases where the person who the signature purports to be was not the one who actually caused it to be affixed to the data. In those instances, the electronic signature failed the third requirement. In terms of the admissibility of electronic signatures required by the EU E-Signatures Directive, the definition of electronic signature in the ECA is said to be too broad.[24]Understandably, the ECA looks to make room for technological innovation; therefore the definition was intentionally left unspecific.[25]However, the ECA should ensure the analogous binding characteristic of an electronic contract as a handwritten one, i.e. section 7 (3) of the ECA should not allowed authenticity and integrity to be separated by going beyond the interpretation of advanced electronic signatures.[26]It is similar to having a signature on a piece of paper on an unsigned contract and telling that the contract is signed. Moreover, section 7(3) also allows separate the data and the communication, which raise an issue of the non-repudiation characteristic which requires the integrity of both the data and the communication. Analysis on some significant cases of Electronic Contracts in United Kingdom Case 1: Golden Ocean Group Limited v. Salgaocar Mining Industries PVT Ltd. and another [2012] EWCA Civ 265 This English case shed some light on the enforceability of a contract of guarantee where a series of documents have been duly authenticated by electronic signature of the guarantor. The facts of the case The plaintiff of this case, Golden Ocean Group Ltd (Golden Ocean), was a shipping company. The defendant was Salgaocar Mining Industries PVT Ltd (SMI). In early 2008, in reply to Golden Oceans offer to charter SMI a vessel, SMI nominated Trustworth Shipping Pte Ltd (Trustworth), a related company. The negotiations were conducted via email on the basis that Trustworth fully guaranteed by SMI. Golden Ocean later claimed that Trustworth had repudiated the charter and that it was guaranteed by SMI. The defendants argued that the email chain was insufficient to create a binding guarantee according to the Statute of Frauds. Legal issue The issue of this case was whether the email chain constituted a binding guarantee or not. Judgment of the court The court rendered a judgment for the plaintiff, agreeing that Golden Ocean had a well arguable case that the document was in writing and did not contradict the Statute of Frauds. As such, the court set forth the following reasons: First, the judge rejected the argument that the agreement between the parties was not in writing according to the Statute of Frauds. The phrase fully guaranteed by [SMI] can only be interpreted in the way that the charter party was guaranteed by SMI, instead of to be guaranteed as the case may be. Neither did the judge accept the idea that there should be some limitation to the number of documents to be permissible in the case of writing. The court emphasized that it was highly desirable that the law gives effect to the communications which are more than clearly than many negotiations between men of business, the sequence of offer, counter offer, and final acceptance by which, classically, the law determines whether a contract has been made. Regarding the signature issue, the court concluded that the contract was signed by way of the electronically printed signature of the person who sent them and it sufficed the test of a valid signature according to the Statute of Frauds. Case 2: Hall v Cognos Ltd Industrial Tribunal Case No.1803325/97 The facts of the case Hall was employed by Cognos as a sales executive. Under the employment contract, Halls expenditures incurred for travel, accommodation and other reasonable cost would be covered by Cognos, under the condition that it would not exceed 6 months. Hall failed to submit the claim within 6 months so he asked Sarah McGoun and Keith Schroeder, his line manager, whether these expired claimed was okay for him to get his recovery. The reply was Yes, it is OK. They communicated through a series of emails. Hall later submitted his request but Cognos refused to accept any payment. Legal issue The issue of this case was whether emails can suffice the writing test and be considered as signed once theyre printed out. Judgment of the court The court rejected the claim for Cognos that because the emails were not in writing and signed, they didnt have any effect. Instead, the judge concluded that emails were in writing and signed once they were printed out. [1] In the UK, there are three different legal territories: England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. For the purpose of this chapter, the UK law or English law represents the law in England and Wales. [2] Anthony Burke, EU and Irish Internet Law: An Overview, 13 INTL L. PRACTICUM, Autumn 2000, at 107, 113-15 [3] Mariam A. Parmentier, Electronic Signatures, 6 COLUM. J. EUR. L. 251, 252 (2000) [4] Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 on a Community Framework for Electronic Signatures [1999] OJ L13/12, 19.1.2000. [5] Id., Art. 13 [6] Jacqueline Klosek, EU Telecom Ministers Approve Electronic Signatures Directive, 4 CYBERSPACE LAW. 12 (2000). [7] Mincoff, M., An Overview of Electronic and Digital Signature Legislation and Regulation in the United States: Silanis Technology, 1999 [8] Reed, C., What is a Signature?, Journal of Information, Law and Technology,2000 [9] Murray, J., Public Key Infrastructure Digital Signatures and Systematic Risk, Journal of Information, Law and Technology.2003 [10] Id. [11] Interdisciplinary Centre for Law Info. Tech., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Study for the European Commission: The Legal and Market Aspects of Electronic Signatures, 215-16 (2003). [12] Id. at 215 [13] Xxx Interdisciplinary Centre for Law Info. Tech., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Study for the European Commission: The Legal and Market Aspects of Electronic Signatures, 215-16 (2003) [14] The most mature form of electronic contracting is electronic data exchange (EDI), which permits trading partners to exchange commercial documents electronically. Baum, M.S. Perritt, H., Electronic Contracting, Publishing and EDI Law, Wiley Law Publications: New York, 1991, at 2 [15] Section 5(2) of the Civil Evidence Act [16] Ibid., Section 5(4) [17]See Murray, A.D., Entering Into Contracts Electronically: The Real W.W.W., in Edwards, L. Waelde, C. (eds) Law and the Internet: A Framework for Electronic Commerce 2nd ed. (Hart: Portland, Oregon, 2000) at 26 and Downing, S. Harrington, J., The Postal Rule in Electronic Commerce: A Reconsideration, (2000) 5 (2) Communications Law 43 [18] For example, the point at which an e-mail arrives at his service providers server or the point at which the e-mail is downloaded to the recipients computer [19] Article 11 of the Electronic Commerce Directive [20] Guidance for Business on the Regulations 5.29 (a) [21] Section 7 (2) of the ECA [22] See Stephen Mason, Electronic Signatures in Law, 4th edition, 2016, at 171 [23] Section 15 (2) of the ECA provides for 3 tests to determine the authenticity of a communication or data, which are: whether the communication or data comes from a particular person or other source; whether it is accurately timed and dated; whether it is intended to have legal effect. [24] Section 7 of the ECA [25] Section 7 (2) of the ECA [26] This may be to satisfy Article 5(2) of the Directive that requires that electronic signatures are not denied legal effectiveness and admissibility as evidence.